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| History of Himachal Pradesh |
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Himachal Pradesh has been inhabited by
human beings since the dawn of civilization. It has a rich and varied history which can be
divided into several distinct eras.
Prehistory
and Protohistory
About
2 million years ago man lived in the foothills of Himachal Pradesh, viz in the Bangana
valley of Kangra, Sirsa valley of Nalagarh and
Markanda valley of Sirmour. The foothills of the state were inhabited by people from Indus
valley civilization which flourished between 2250 and 1750 B.C. People of Indus valley
civilization pushed the original inhabitants of Ganga plains who were known as Kolorian
people towards north. They moved to the hills of Himachal Pradesh where they could live
peacefully and preserve their way of life.
In the Vedas they have been referred to as
Dasas, Dasyus and Nishadas while in later works they have been called Kinnars, Nagas and
Yakshas. The Kols or Mundas are believed to be the original migrants to the hills of
present day Himachal.
The second phase of migrants came in the form
of Mongoloid people known as Bhotas and Kiratas. Later on came the third and most
important wave of migrants in the form of the Aryans who left their Central Asian home. These laid the base of history and
culture of Himachal Pradesh.
Early History up to Harsha
According
to the Mahabharta the tract which forms the present day Himachal Pradesh was made
up of number of small republics known as Janpadas each of which constituted both
a state and cultural unit.
Audumbras: The
were the most prominent ancient tribes of Himachal who lived in the lower hills between
Pathankot and Jwalamukhi. They formed a separate state in
2 B.C.
Trigarta:
The state lay in the foothills drained by three rivers, i.e. Ravi, Beas and Satluj and
hence the name. It is believed to have been an independent republic.
Kuluta: The
kingdom of Kilita was situated in the upper Beas valley which is also known as the Kully
valley. Its capital was Naggar.
Kulindas: This
kingdom covered the area lying between the Beas, Satluj and
Yamuna rivers, i.e. the Shimla and Sirmour hills. Their administration resembled a
republic with members of a central assembly sharing the powers of the king.
Gupta Empire:
Chandragupta slowly subdued most
of the republics of Himachal by show of strength or use of force though
he usually did not rule them directly. Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta extended his
boundaries to the Himalyan region. He introduced Buddhism to this tract. He built many
stupas one of which is in the Kullu valley.
Harsha: After
the collapse of Gupta empire and before the rise of Harsha, this area was again ruled by
petty chiefs known as Thakurs and Ranas. With the rise of Harsha in the early 7th century, most of these small states acknowledged his overall supremacy
though many local powers remained with the petty chiefs.
Rajput
Period
A few decades after Harsha's death (647 A.D.) many Rajput states ascended
in Rajsthan and Indus plains. They fought amongst themselves and the vanquished moved to
the hills with their followers, where they set up small states or principalities. These
states were Kangra, Nurpur, Suket, Mandi, Kutlehar, Baghal, Bilaspur, Nalagarh, Keonthal,
Dhami, Kunihar, Bushahar, Sirmour.
Mughal Rule
The small hill kingdom enjoyed a large degree of independence till the eve
of Muslim invasions in northern India. States of the foothills were devastated by Muslim
invaders from time to time. Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the begining of the 10th
centuary. Timur and Sikander Lodi also marched through the lower hills and captured
several forts and fought many battles.
Later on as the Mughal dynasty began to break
up; the rulers of the hill states took full advantage. The Katoch rulers of Kangra availed
of this opportunity and Kangra regained independence status under Maharaja Sansar Chand
who ruled for nearly half a centuary. He was one of the ablest administrators of the
region. After he took formal possession of Kangra fort, Sansar Chand began to expand his
territory. The states of Chamba, Suket, Mandi, Bilaspur, Guler, Jaswan, Siwan and Datarpur
came under the direct or indirect control of Sansar Chand.
Anglo-Gorkha and Anglo-Sikh War
The Gorkhas, a martial tribe came to power in Nepal in the year 1768. They
consolidated their military power and began to expand their territory. Gradually the
Gorkhas annexed Sirmour and Shimla hill states. With the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa,
Gorkhas laid siege to Kangra. They managed to defeat Sansar Chand, the ruler of kangra, in
1806 with the help of many hill chiefs. However Gorkhas could not capture Kangra fort
which came under Maharaja Ranjeet Singh in 1809. After this defeat the Gorkhas began to
expand towards south. This resulted in the Anglo-Gorkha war. They came into direct
conflict with the English along the tarai belt after which the English expelled them from
the hill states east of the Satluj. Thus British slowly emerged as the paramount powers in
this tract.
After the Anglo-Gorkha war the common border of
the British domain and Punjab became very sensitive. Both the Sikh and English wanted to
avoid a direct conflict, but after the death of Ranjit Singh, the Khalsa army fought a
number of wars with the British. In 1845 when the Sikhs invaded the British territory by
crossing the Satluj, the rulers of many hill states sided with the English as they were
looking for an opportunity to settle scores with the former. Many of these rulers entered
into secret communication with the English. After the first Anglo-Sikh war, the British
did not restore the hill territory vacated by Sikhs to their original owners.
Revolt of 1857
The revolt or first
Indian war of independence resulted due to the building up of political, social, economic,
religious and military grievances against the British. People of the hill states were not
politically alive as the people in other parts of the country. They remained more or less
aloof and so did their rulers with the exception of Bushahr. Some of them even rendered
help to the Britishers during the revolt. Among them were the rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur,
Bhagal and Dhami. The rulers of Bushars acted in a manner hostile to the interests of British. However it is not clear
whether they actually aided the rebels or not.
British Rule 1858 to 1914
The British territories in the hill came under British Crown after Queen
Victoria's proclamation of 1858. The states of Chamba, Mandi and Bilaspur made good
progress in many fields during the British rule. During the first World War, virtually all
rulers of the hill states remained loyal and contributed to the British war effort both in
thr form of men and materials. Amongst these were the states of Kangra, Siba, Nurpur,
Chamba, Suket, Mandi and Bilaspur.
Freedom Struggle 1914 to 1947
The people of the hill also participated in the freedom struggle. The
highlights of the freedom movement in this tract are listed below:
Praja Mandal launched agitations against the British yoke in areas under direct British Rule.
In other princely states agitations were launched for social and political reforms. However these were directed more against the princes than against the British and as such were mere extensions of freedom movement.
The Mandi conspiracy was carried out in 1914-15 under the influence of the Gadhr party. Meetings were held in Mandi and Suket states in December 1914 and January 1915 and it was decided to murder the Superintendent and Wazir of Mandi and Suket, to loot the treasury, blow to up the bridge over Beas river. However conspirators were caught and sentenced to long terms in prison.
The Pajhota agitation in which the people of a part of Sirmour state revolted is regarded as an extension of the Quit India Movement of 1942.
Important freedom fighters of this state during this period included Dr. Y.S. Parmar, Padam Dev, Shivanand Ramaul, Purnanand, Satya Dev, Sada Ram Chandel, Daulat Ram, Thakur Hazara Singh and Pahari Gandhi Baba Kanshi Ram.
The Congress party was also active in the freedom movement in the hill state particularly in Kangra.
Post-Independence Period
The history of
present day Himachal Pradesh in the post-independence era has been outlined below:
The Chief Commissioner's province of H.P. came into being on 15th April, 1948.
H.P. became a part C state on 26th January, 1950 with the implementation of the Constitution of India.
Bilaspur was merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1st July, 1954.
Himachal Pradesh became Union Territory on 1st November, 1956.
Kangra and most of the other hill areas of Punjab were merged with H.P. on 1st November, 1966 though its status remained that of a Union Territory.
On 18th December, 1970 the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25th January, 1971. Thus H.P. emerged as the eighteenth state of Indian Union.
Himachal Pradesh has come a long way since then. It has seen a number of full-fledged governments which have led the state towards economic self-reliance.
| Last Reviewed/Updated: 19-January-2010 |